Introduction
In June 1939, as the world was ravaged by fascism and despotism, Walter Lippmann penned an essay titled “The American Destiny” in which he prophesied the future of the United States as a global powerhouse. Fast forward to today, and Lippmann’s vision has become a reality. America stands at the pinnacle of Western civilization, wielding power and influence like no other nation in history.
The Flawed Masterpiece of American Leadership
While American global leadership has been far from perfect, it has played a crucial role in maintaining a semblance of order in an otherwise chaotic world. Few can dispute the immense contributions that American values and strength have made to modern civilization. From promoting democracy to fostering free trade, the United States has shaped the norms of international conduct and safeguarded the global order.
However, it is important to recognize that American primacy is not set in stone. The foundations of its global dominance, established after World War II, are showing signs of fragility. The United States emerged from the war unscathed, armed with unparalleled military might and economic prowess. It became the hub of international trade and championed liberal democracy. But today, its position as the world’s preeminent power is being challenged.
Wertheim’s Unconventional Perspective
Stephen Wertheim, a historian of American diplomacy, offers a thought-provoking revisionist view of American primacy in his book, “Tomorrow, the World.” He challenges the traditional narrative and questions the leadership role that the United States has assumed for over three-quarters of a century.
Wertheim’s extensive research uncovers a trove of evidence that demonstrates how American global dominance was a deliberate choice made by elites, rather than a stroke of luck. These elites, driven by a vision of a Pax Americana, were determined to shape public opinion and policy through organizations like the Council on Foreign Relations. They believed that American interests extended far beyond its borders and that defending these interests meant protecting the values of liberal civilization itself.
The Two Strands of American Internationalism
Wertheim delves into the dichotomy of American internationalism, highlighting two distinct approaches that shaped the nation’s foreign policy. The first approach advocated for a peaceful world order achieved through disarmament and global cooperation. This soft internationalism sought to limit American military involvement to the Western Hemisphere and relied on legal codes to regulate international relations.
However, as the world plunged into chaos with the rise of Japan and Germany, a more robust form of internationalism emerged. This approach recognized the need for a benevolent hegemon to maintain global order and protect freedom. It acknowledged the harsh realities of power politics and believed in the necessity of military force to preserve peace. This realist-idealist hybrid became the defining feature of American internationalism.
America’s Unique Role in Maintaining Order
It is crucial to understand that American hegemony is not purely an exercise in imperialism. The United States stepped onto the world stage to prevent the recurrence of devastating conflicts. It was a logical extension of its rise to power, driven by a desire to protect its national interests and safeguard its exceptional identity.
While Wertheim laments the transformation of American internationalism into a more assertive stance, it is vital to remember that history has shown the dangers of inaction. The architects of the American order understood that only with sufficient power and the willingness to use it could global stability be maintained. American hegemony has been widely accepted by its democratic allies, who may criticize its dominance but appreciate the order it provides.
Wertheim’s Idealism and the Realities of Power
Wertheim’s critique of American primacy is rooted in his belief that power should be evenly distributed. However, it fails to acknowledge that nations are governed by imperfect human beings, not utopian ideals. The American order may have its flaws, but it has undeniably brought relative stability to the world.
The United States must grapple with the challenges that lie ahead, but it would be unwise to dismiss the importance of its leadership. The global order may undergo transformations, but the lessons of history remind us that power, when wielded responsibly, can be a force for good.
Conclusion
Stephen Wertheim’s revisionist perspective on American primacy offers a valuable critique and prompts important questions about the future of global leadership. While it is essential to critically examine and reassess our assumptions, we must also recognize the accomplishments and contributions that American leadership has made to the world.
As we navigate the complexities of an ever-changing global landscape, let us remember that responsible statecraft requires a delicate balance of power and idealism. The challenges ahead demand thoughtful engagement and a willingness to adapt to new realities, all while remaining steadfast in the pursuit of a more peaceful and prosperous world.
